Definition
Marine growth on the impeller or in the housing slows rotation and under-reads. Aeration from pitching or a bow wave passing the sensor gives erratic readings. Heel lifts the sensor towards the surface, so a boat can log differently on each tack. Positioning the transducer in disturbed flow near the keel or a step yields a consistent scale error. The boundary layer itself means the sensor always sees water slightly slower than the free stream.
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